POLYSEMY – Meanings of Run
Polysemy: The Multiple Meanings of “RUN” – Complete Guide for English Learners
What is Polysemy? Understanding Multiple Word Meanings
Polysemy is a fundamental concept in linguistics that refers to the phenomenon where a single word possesses multiple related meanings. Unlike homonyms, which have completely different and unrelated meanings, polysemous words share semantic connections between their various interpretations. This linguistic feature is essential for English language learners, ESL students, and anyone seeking to master English vocabulary effectively.
Persian Translation: چندمعنایی یک مفهوم بنیادی در زبانشناسی است که به پدیدهای اشاره دارد که در آن یک کلمه دارای معانی مرتبط متعددی است. برخلاف همنامها که معانی کاملاً متفاوت و غیرمرتبط دارند، کلمات چندمعنایی دارای ارتباطات معنایی بین تفسیرهای مختلف خود هستند.
The study of polysemy reveals how language evolves and how speakers naturally extend meaning through metaphorical and metonymical processes. Understanding polysemy helps learners develop better reading comprehension, improve vocabulary retention, and gain deeper insights into English language patterns.
Persian Translation: مطالعه چندمعنایی نشان میدهد که زبان چگونه تکامل مییابد و گویندگان به طور طبیعی معنا را از طریق فرآیندهای استعاری و مجازی گسترش میدهند. درک چندمعنایی به زبانآموزان کمک میکند تا درک مطلب بهتری داشته باشند، حفظ واژگان را بهبود بخشند و بینش عمیقتری از الگوهای زبان انگلیسی به دست آورند.
Why “RUN” is the Perfect Example of Polysemy
The word “run” stands as one of the most polysemous words in the English language, featuring over 40 distinct meanings in various dictionaries. This makes it an excellent case study for understanding how basic physical actions can be metaphorically extended to describe abstract concepts, making it invaluable for vocabulary building and language comprehension.
Persian Translation: کلمه “run” یکی از چندمعناییترین کلمات در زبان انگلیسی محسوب میشود که دارای بیش از ۴۰ معنای متمایز در فرهنگهای مختلف است. این امر آن را به مطالعه موردی عالی برای درک نحوه گسترش استعاری اعمال فیزیکی ساده برای توصیف مفاهیم انتزاعی تبدیل میکند.
Run is particularly valuable for polysemy study because:
- High frequency usage: It appears in everyday conversation, academic texts, business contexts, and literature
- Clear metaphorical extensions: The basic meaning of physical movement logically extends to abstract concepts
- Cross-domain applications: Used in technology, business, sports, entertainment, and daily life
- Simple core concept: The fundamental idea of movement or action is easily understood
- Rich semantic network: Shows how one concept can branch into multiple related meanings
- Cultural significance: Reflects important cultural concepts like competition, management, and progress
Persian Translation: “Run” به ویژه برای مطالعه چندمعنایی ارزشمند است زیرا: استفاده پرتکرار دارد، گسترشهای استعاری واضح، کاربردهای میانحوزهای، مفهوم اصلی ساده، شبکه معنایی غنی، و اهمیت فرهنگی دارد.
Complete List of “RUN” Meanings with Examples
Physical Movement and Motion
English Meaning: To move quickly on foot
Example: “She runs five miles every morning to stay fit.”
Persian Meaning: دویدن – حرکت سریع با پا
Operation and Functioning
English Meaning: To operate or function properly
Example: “The engine runs smoothly after the repair.”
Persian Meaning: کار کردن – عمل کردن
Business Management and Leadership
English Meaning: To manage, operate, or be in charge of
Example: “He runs a successful technology company.”
Persian Meaning: اداره کردن – مدیریت کردن
Flow and Liquid Movement
English Meaning: Movement of liquids or substances
Example: “Water runs down the hillside after heavy rain.”
Persian Meaning: جاری شدن – روان شدن
Political Campaigns and Elections
English Meaning: To be a candidate in an election
Example: “She’s running for president in the upcoming election.”
Persian Meaning: کاندیدا شدن – نامزد بودن
Duration and Time Continuation
English Meaning: To continue for a specific period
Example: “The Broadway show runs for three hours with intermission.”
Persian Meaning: طول کشیدن – ادامه داشتن
Escape and Fleeing
English Meaning: To escape or flee from danger
Example: “The suspect ran from the police officers.”
Persian Meaning: فرار کردن – گریختن
Media and Publishing
English Meaning: To publish, broadcast, or display
Example: “The newspaper runs this important story on the front page.”
Persian Meaning: منتشر کردن – پخش کردن
Color and Fabric Issues
English Meaning: When colors bleed or spread unintentionally
Example: “The red colors ran when I washed the white shirt.”
Persian Meaning: پخش شدن رنگ – رنگ پس دادن
Transportation Routes and Services
English Meaning: To travel along a specific route regularly
Example: “This express bus runs between the airport and downtown every hour.”
Persian Meaning: مسیر طی کردن – سیر کردن
Computer Programs and Software
English Meaning: To execute or operate software
Example: “Please run this antivirus software on your computer system.”
Persian Meaning: اجرا کردن – راه انداختن
Clothing and Fabric Damage
English Meaning: A tear or ladder in stockings/pantyhose
Example: “I got a run in my expensive stockings this morning.”
Persian Meaning: پاره شدن – کشیده شدن نخ
Series and Sequences
English Meaning: A sequence or series of events
Example: “We experienced a run of bad luck last month.”
Persian Meaning: دنباله – پی در پی
Cost and Pricing
English Meaning: To cost a certain amount
Example: “These designer shoes run about $200 in most stores.”
Persian Meaning: قیمت داشتن – هزینه داشتن
Extension and Physical Reach
English Meaning: To extend or stretch across distance
Example: “The wooden fence runs along the entire property line.”
Persian Meaning: کشیده شدن – امتداد داشتن
Sports Scoring (Baseball)
English Meaning: A unit of scoring in baseball
Example: “The home team scored five runs in the final inning.”
Persian Meaning: امتیاز در بیسبال
Theater and Entertainment
English Meaning: A continuous series of performances
Example: “The musical had a successful run on Broadway.”
Persian Meaning: دوره اجرا – نمایش مداوم
Quick Trip or Errand
English Meaning: A short journey for a specific purpose
Example: “I need to make a quick run to the grocery store.”
Persian Meaning: سفر کوتاه – کار فوری
Animal Enclosure
English Meaning: An enclosed area for animals
Example: “The chickens are kept in a large run behind the house.”
Persian Meaning: محوطه نگهداری حیوانات
Financial Markets
English Meaning: A sudden demand or panic in banking/markets
Example: “There was a run on the bank during the financial crisis.”
Persian Meaning: هجوم مردم – تقاضای ناگهانی
Benefits of Understanding Polysemy for Language Learners
Vocabulary Expansion and Efficiency
Learning polysemous words like “run” provides multiple meanings from a single word study session, making vocabulary acquisition more efficient for ESL students and English learners.
Persian Translation: یادگیری کلمات چندمعنایی مانند “run” معانی متعددی را از یک جلسه مطالعه واژگان ارائه میدهد و فراگیری واژگان را برای دانشآموزان ESL و زبانآموزان انگلیسی کارآمدتر میکند.
Enhanced Reading Comprehension
Understanding how word meanings connect helps readers interpret context more accurately, improving overall reading comprehension skills essential for academic and professional success.
Persian Translation: درک نحوه ارتباط معانی کلمات به خوانندگان کمک میکند تا زمینه را دقیقتر تفسیر کنند و مهارتهای درک مطلب کلی را که برای موفقیت تحصیلی و حرفهای ضروری است، بهبود بخشند.
Cultural and Linguistic Insights
Polysemy reflects cultural thinking patterns and metaphorical concepts, providing deeper understanding of English-speaking cultures and communication styles.
Persian Translation: چندمعنایی الگوهای تفکر فرهنگی و مفاهیم استعاری را منعکس میکند و درک عمیقتری از فرهنگهای انگلیسیزبان و سبکهای ارتباطی ارائه میدهد.
Language Intuition Development
Recognizing meaning extension patterns helps learners predict and understand new word meanings, developing natural language intuition crucial for advanced English proficiency.
Persian Translation: تشخیص الگوهای گسترش معنا به زبانآموزان کمک میکند تا معانی کلمات جدید را پیشبینی و درک کنند و شهود طبیعی زبان را که برای تسلط پیشرفته بر انگلیسی حیاتی است، توسعه دهند.
Conclusion: Mastering English Through Polysemy
Understanding polysemy, particularly through comprehensive examples like the word “run,” provides English language learners with powerful tools for vocabulary expansion, reading comprehension, and cultural understanding. This linguistic phenomenon demonstrates the richness and flexibility of English, showing how speakers naturally extend meaning through metaphorical thinking.
Persian Translation: درک چندمعنایی، به ویژه از طریق نمونههای جامع مانند کلمه “run”، ابزارهای قدرتمندی برای گسترش واژگان، درک مطلب و درک فرهنگی به زبانآموزان انگلیسی ارائه میدهد. این پدیده زبانشناختی غنای و انعطافپذیری انگلیسی را نشان میدهد.
Key Takeaways for English Learners:
- Polysemy is essential for advanced vocabulary development
- Context determines specific word meanings
- Multiple meanings often share conceptual connections
- Practice with authentic materials improves polysemy recognition
- Understanding polysemy enhances overall language comprehension
Persian Translation of Key Points: چندمعنایی برای توسعه واژگان پیشرفته ضروری است، زمینه معانی خاص کلمات را تعیین میکند، معانی متعدد اغلب ارتباطات مفهومی مشترک دارند، تمرین با مطالب اصیل تشخیص چندمعنایی را بهبود میبخشد، و درک چندمعنایی درک کلی زبان را تقویت میکند.

